Naughty children get coal for Christmas in the United States, but in the Alpine regions of Europe, they are punished or taken by Krampus, the holiday half-goat-half-demon.
The legend of Krampus is believed to originate from Germany, stemming from Pagan rituals for the winter solstice, according to Britannica. The name derives from the German word “krampen,” meaning claw. When Christianity began to spread throughout Europe, Krampus became associated with the Christmas tradition as a foil to Saint Nicholas to encourage good behavior from children.
Krampus is depicted as a sinister creature, part goat and part demon, with jagged black fur, large claws, curved horns and a serpentine tongue. He wears chains and bells (the jingle leads children into a false sense of security, sounding like Saint Nicholas), accompanied by bundles of birch branches and a sack over his shoulder. The terror-inducing appearance directly contrasts Saint Nicholas, a warm and friendly figure dressed in a bishop’s robes.
Krampus and Saint Nicholas are said to visit homes on the night of Dec. 5. According to Smithsonian Magazine, while Saint Nicholas delivers presents and toys to good children, Krampus beats the misbehaving children with birch branches. Legend says that severely naughty children could disappear and be taken to Krampus’ lair to be tortured and eaten. There is a misconception that Krampus replaces Saint Nicholas, but they are two different beings working together. It’s an interesting co-worker relationship.
There are many longstanding traditions surrounding Krampus, according to History.com. “Krampusnacht,” or Krampus night, the night before Saint Nicholas Day. “Krampuslauf,” or Krampus run, is an Austrian tradition where men wear Krampus costumes, get intoxicated and run through the streets with bells, whips and theatrical scares. Other Alpine traditions incorporate Krampus into holiday festivities like parades and plays. These traditions are meant to thrill and terrify while honoring the region’s folklore.
In the 1890s, postcards hit peak popularity in Germany and Austria, and the “Krampuskarten” were not the typical greeting card. These vintage postcards often had “Greetings from Krampus!” and depicted Krampus punishing children, but some modern iterations range from grotesque to humorous in their designs.
While Krampus is a longstanding tradition in European countries, his devilish persona made its way into American pop culture over the years. Films like Krampus (2015) and episodes of shows like American Dad! and The Office have introduced the character to wider audiences, often blending horror and comedy.
Krampus has evolved from a regional legend to a worldwide phenomenon. His dark and mischievous nature appeals to those who enjoy the macabre and is the counterbalance to the cheeriness of modern Christmas celebrations, while providing lessons on morality and community.
